lsishï rglg fyda foaYhlg fyda we;af;a tlu cd;sl .Shls' rgl cd;sl .Sh ks¾udKh lsÍfï mru Nd.Hh Wodjkafka mqoa.,hska tla wfhl=g fyda fofokl=g mu‚' Tjqyq iuia; cd;sfhau iïNdjkdjg md;% jkafkdah' fï ksidu j;auka f,dalfha cd;sl .S ks¾ud;Djre iqúfYaIS jrï ,oaoka f,i f.!rj nyqudkhg md;% fj;s' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl .Sh ks¾udKh lsÍfï f.!rjh ix.S;fõ§ wdkkao iurfldaka iQÍka i;=fõ'

f,dalfha ms<s.;a rdcH 196l cd;sl .S ms<sn| f;dr;=re wka;¾.; .%ka:hla ì%;dkH cd;sl ví,sõ't,a' Íâ iy tï'f–ca' ì%iagõ  fofokd úiska f,dalfha cd;sl .S  kñka 1960§ m<lr ;sfí'
fuu .%ka:fha rgj,a 196l cd;sl .Sj, m%nkaOlhska" ;kq ks¾udmlhska" ix.S; ixfhdaclhska iy .S;j, iajr ud,d wka;¾.; fõ' ta ta NdIdfjka ,shejqKq .Sj, mo ud,djka bx.%Sis NdIdfjka WÉpdrKh fjk wdldrhg fuu lD;sfha wka;¾.; fõ'
cd;sl .Sj, ks¾ud;Djreka ms<sn| ie,lSfï§ tla tla rfgys cd;sl .S iïnkaOfhka ‍f,aLk.;ù we;af;a tla mqoa.,fhl= fyda fofokl= fyda mu‚' tfukau rgj,a follu cd;sl .S rpkd l< lSmfofkl= ms<sn|j fï lD;sfha i|ykaù we;' bka tla whl= jkafka c.;a mQð; Ndr; mq;% fkdfn,a iïudk,dNS rìkaøkd;a ;df.da¾ uyd lúhdh' ;df.da¾;=ud ^1861-1941& bkaÈhdkq cd;sl .Sh fukau nx.a,dfoaYfha cd;sl .Sho ks¾udKh lf<ah' t;=ud 1912§ bka§h cd;sl .Sh rpkd lf<ah'

th bka§h jHjia:dodhl iNdj úiska 1950 ckjdß 24 jeksod bkaÈhdfõ cd;sl .Sh f,i ks, jYfhka iïu; lrk ,§' Wm;ska jx. ^nx.a,dfoaY& cd;slhl= jQ ;df.da¾;=ud t;=ud rpkd l< fojeks cd;sl .Sh f,i jx. foaYfha cd;sl .Sh jx. niska rpkd lf<ah'
1947 jif¾§ bkaÈhdj ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka ksoyi ,noa§ uqia,sïjreka nyq,j jdih l< m%foaY mdlsia;dkh kñka fjku rgla f,i ia:dms; úh' tys§ bkaÈhdfõ ngysr msysá uqia,sï nyq;r m%foaYh ngysr mdlsia;dkh f,io kef.kysr msysá uqia,sï nyq;r m%foaYh kef.kysr mdlsia;dkh f,io kï flre‚' tfy;a miqj mßmd,k yd foaYmd,k .eg¨‍ u; kef.kysr mdlsia;dkh miqld,Skj mdlsia;dkfhka fjkaj nx.a,dfoaYh kñka iajdëk rdcHhla njg m;aúh' ;df.da¾;=uka jx. foaYhg rpkd l< cd;sl .Sh 1971§ nx.a,dfoaY cd;sl .Sh njg m;aúh' th 1972 ckjdß 13 jeksod nx.a,dfoaY cd;sl iNdj úiska ks, jYfhka wkqu; lf<ah'
cd;sl .S ks¾udKhkag odhl jQjka .ek l;d lsÍfï§ Y%S ,xldfõ fofokl= .ek úfYaIfhka i|yka l< yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl .Sfha ks¾ud;Djrhd wdkkao iurfldaka ^1911-1962& ix.S;fõÈhdh' Tyq mo rpkd fldg ;kq ks¾udKh l< —kfuda kfuda ud;d˜ cd;sl .Sh ks, jYfhka iïu; lf<a 1952§h' cd;sl .S iïnkaOfhka f,da m;,j isák wfkla Y%S ,dxflah l,dlrejd jkafka jkakl=j;a; ñájvqf.a fodka we,anÜ fmf¾rd fyj;a mKaä;a wurfoajhkah' ta wfma wi,ajeis ud,Èjhsfka cd;sl .Sfha ;kq ks¾udKlre jYfhks' tu .S;h m%nkaOh lrk ,oafoa fudfyduâ có,a ÈÈ ^1915-1980& úisks' tys ;kq ks¾udKh lsÍfï wjia:dj wurfoajhka yg WodjQfha 1972§h' fuh Y%S ,dxlslhska f,i wmg wdvïnrhg fya;=jls'
f,dj rgj,a follg cd;sl .S folla mo rpkd fldg ;kq o ks¾udKh l< tlu mqoa.,hd f,i b;sydi.;ù isákafka flamaj¾â yd .sksìiõ rdcHj, cd;sl .S mo rpkd yd ix.S; rpkd l< wï,sld f,dafmaia lírd,ah' ^1924-1973&
rgj,a follu cd;sl .S mo rpkd muKla l< mqoa.,hl= jkafka .%Sl jeishl= jQ vhkSishia fidf,duiah' Tyq .%Sisfha iy ihsm%ifha cd;sl .S rpkd lf<ah' tu jd¾;djg ysñlï lshk ;j;a mqoa.,fhla isà' ta Wre.=fõ iy mer.=fõ cd;sl .S mo rpkd l< *%ekaisiaflda tiaghska ^1791-1862&h' ;j;a úfYaI;ajhla jkafka by; cd;sl .S foflysu ^Wre.=fõ iy mer.=fõ& ;kq rplhd jkafkao tlu mqoa.,hl=ùuhs' ta ix.S;{ *%ekaisiaflda fcdfia fvnd,sh' ^1791-1859&
ol=Kq wm%sldkq cd;sl .Sfha mo rpkd lr ix.S; rpkdjo l< bfkdla ukalhs fidkafgdka.d ^1860-1904& gekaidkshdfõ iy ieïìhdfõ cd;sl .Sj, ;kqo ks¾udKh lr we;' bfkdla ukalhs rgj,a ;=klu cd;sl .Sj,g iïnkaO jQ tlu mqoa.,hd f,i jd¾;d.; fõ'
áhqkSishdkq cd;sl ix.S;fõ§ fudfyduâ wírE,a jydí áhqkSishdkq rdcHfha iy mo rpkdjla fkdue;s ix.S; LKavhla muKla we;s tlai;a wrdì tó¾ rdcHfha cd;sl .Shg .S ;kq ks¾udKh lr ;sfí' mska,ka; yd tiafgdakshdkq cd;sl .S fofla ;kq ks¾udKh lr we;af;a f*âß meishia ^1809-1891& úisks'
nDDkdhs rdcHfha cd;sl .Sfhys mo rpkdj ifydaorhska fofokl=f.a ks¾udKhls' fmka.srka yð fudfyduâ iy fmka.srka yð wíÿ,a rySï hk ifydaorhska fofokd tu cd;sl .Shg odhl;ajh § ;sfí' isßhdfõ cd;sl .Sfha ix.S; ks¾udKho isÿlr we;af;a ifydaorhska fofofkls' ta fudfydïuoa i,Sï *a‍f,a*,a iy wyuâ i,Sï *a‍f,a*,a hk fofokdhs'
;u rfgys cd;sl .Shg mo rpkfhka mdi,a isiqka o odhl lr.;a;d jQ rdcHhla o fõ' peâ rfgys cd;sl .Sfhys mo rpkhg Ydka; mdjq¿ mdif,ys <uqka o odhl;ajh § we;'
rgl cd;sl .Sh i|yd ;u rfgys ck .Shla fhdod.;a rgla o ;sfí' rejkavdfõ cd;sl .Sh ks¾udKh ù ;sfnkafka trfgys mdrïmßl ck ix.S;h uqiq jQ ck.Shlsks'
;u rfgys cd;sl .Sh uõ NdIdjg wu;rj úfoaYSh NdIdjkag yd m%dfoaYSh NdIdjkag mßj¾;kh lr Ndú; lrk rgla o fõ' ta iaúÜi¾,ka;hhs' iaúÜi¾,ka;fha cd;sl .Sh c¾uka" m%xY" b;d,s fukau m%dfoaYSh NdIdjk i¾fi,aúÉ iy ,eâksÉ NdIdjkag mßj¾;kh lr ;sfí' fuys we;s  úfYaI;ajh jkqfha by; NdId mfyau mo rpkh mqoa.,hska miafofkl= jqjo ix.S; ks¾udKh lr we;af;a tla mqoa.,hl= ùuhs'
‘f,dalfha cd;sl .S’ .%ka:hg wkqj rgl cd;sl .Sh i|yd iduQyslj tl;=ù .S mo rpkdj ks¾udKh l< rgj,a lsysmhlao i|yka lr ;sfí' flkahdj" ue‍f,aishdj" kdjqre" khsÔßhdj" gekaidkshdj iy ieïìhdj hk rgj,ays cd;sl .Sh ks¾udKh lr we;af;a iduQyslj tl;=ù .Smo tl;= lsÍfuks'
óg wu;rj mo rpkdfjka f;dr ix.S; LKavhla muKla jk cd;sl .S o jHjia:dms; fldg iïu; lrf.k we;s rdcHhka lsysmhls' fudßgdkshdj" fidaud,shdj" iamd[a[h" ieka ueÍfkda" reishdkq f*vf¾IKh" lgdrh" lðlsia;dkh" tlai;a wrdì tó¾ rdcHh" ;=¾lañksia;dkh wd§ rgj, cd;sl .Sh hkq jdoH ix.S; LKavhla mu‚' ;u cd;shg f.!rj ms‚i tu jdoH LKavhg ijka§fuka Bg f.!rj oelaùug;a ta ta rgj, jeisfhda mqreÿ ù isá;s'
cd;sl .S .ek ie,lSfï§ rgj,a .Kkdjlska ieÿï,;a hqfrdamd ix.uhgo mo rys; jdoH ix.S;hlg muKla iSud jQ cd;sl .Shla we;' tu ix.S; rpkdj ks¾udKh lr we;af;a f,dal m%lg ix.S;{fhl= jQ c¾uka cd;sl ix.S;{ ¨‍âúka jeka ìf;dajka ^1770-1827& úisks'

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