ol=Kq m<df;a we;s ft;sydisl mqoìï w;r uq,alsß., fkdfyd;a uq,a.sß., rcuyd úydria:dkhg ysñjkafka iqúfYaI jQ ia:dkhls' ol=Kq m<df;a yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha ;x.,a, k.rfha isg lsf,daóg¾ 20 la muK Tífnka fuu úydria:dkh msysgd we;' ;x.,a, ùrleáh ud¾.fha fyda ;x.,a, fn,sw;a; ud¾.fha .uka lsÍfuka mqo ìu fj; <Õdúh yelsh' .%dóh mßirhla fidanudk l< uqyqÿ uÜgñka wä 300 la muK Wia jQ l÷ fujq,la wdY%fha fuu f,ka úydrh f.dvkxjd ;sîu ksid" fuh jkaokdudk lrk mskaj;l=g fukau fid÷re biõfj; mshk.k ixpdrlhl=g o lÈu mßirhla ks¾udKh lr § ;sfí'

iajNdjO¾uh odhdo l< ffY,uh f,kal=á y;la iys; uy,a mylska iukaú; l÷ .egh tod rc orejka úiska cd;sl wd.ñl Wreuhla njg mßj¾;kh lrñka" thg wmQre ks¾udKd;aul yev;, o tlalr we;' wjHdc iajNdj fi!kao¾hfha .sßl=< uq,a.sß., kñka yev jev lr we;af;a mj;sk iajdNdúl mßirh pu;aldrfhka Toj;a lr,ñks' fuh fndÿ ck;dj Wfoid ;s<sK l< wmQ¾j;ajfhka iqkaor;ajfhka msßmqka ;j;a wNsudkj;a fn!oaO Wreuhls' uq,a.sß ., fj; tk jkaokd lrejl=g th wd.udkql+, wmQre wvúhls' fid÷re is;a we;s ixpdrlhl=g wisßu;a biõjls'
my;u¿j" fnda u¿j" rcuy úydr u¿j Wv fndaê u¿j" ffp;H u¿j jYfhka kef.k .sr. úiska idod we;s f;da;eks úydrdx.hka fjkqfjka Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;sfí' f,ka úydrdrdu yf;ka folla my; u¿fõ o y;rla rcuyd úydr u¿fõ o b;sßh fnda u¿fõo olakg ,efnhs' tod jfka jk i;d;a úIf>dar i¾mhd;a jvd;a reÑ l< WKqiqu;a iuÕ w÷frka pls;fhka msÍ .sh .,a .=yd iekiSu iuÕ nqoaOd,ïNkdf,dalfhka fukau ne;sh o wdl¾Ykh o leá lr .ksñka úydrdrdu njg iajdNdúl ieleiau iSre udrejg mßj¾;kh lsÍu w.fka h'

f,dj wgjeks mqÿuh f,iska úYaj iïNdjkdjg md;% jQ iS.sßh ftYap¾hj;a ks¾udKhls' tjka iS.sß wd,lukaodj u;lhg kxjñka uq,a.sß., y÷kajkafka reyqfKa mqxÑ iS.sßh kñks' thu fuys jk iqúfYaIS iajNdjh" l,d;aul Ndjh y÷kd.ekSug yels fm<Uqula we;s lrjk iq¿h'
úydria:dkh wdYs‍%;j we;s fodf<diajk ishjig wh;a Ys,d f,aLkhg wkqj fuys me/‚ kduh ‘uqyqkao.sß’ úydrh kñka y÷kajd ;sfí' ldjka;siai rc;=ud iE¥ yeg y;rla úydria:dk w;rg fuu úydria:dkh wh;ajk nj ie<fla' tfia kï fuh b;d ft;sydisl ;;a;ajhl ,d" .eksh yels l%s'mQ' hq.h olajd Èfjk iqúfYaIS jQ mqoìfuls'
uq,a.sß., úydria‌:dkfhys b;sydih l%s' mQ' 2 jk ishji f;la‌ wE;g Èjhkakls' jxYl;d.; f;dr;=re j,g wkqj ldjka;sia‌i rcq úiska lrjk ,o ziuqø.sß úydrhz fuh jkakg we;ehs ms<s.;a úoaj;a u;hhs' wjia‌:d lsysmhl§u úúO rcjreka hgf;a iqúfYaIS rdcdkq.%y ,nñka fuu úydria‌:dkh jeä ÈhqKq ù we;' j¾;udkfhys wmyg ola‌kg ,efnk úydria‌:dkfha wdrïNlhd fcÜ‌G;sia‌iI rcqh l%s' j' 3 jk ishji&' flfia jqjo fuys we;s ruŒh ì;=is;=jï uykqjr rclï l< kf¾kaøisxy rcqf.a wjidk ld,fha§ l%s' j' 1730& lrjkakg we;ehs ie,fla' je,súg Y%S irKxlr ix>rdc udysñhka fuys wêm;S;ajh oeÍu fya;=fjka uykqjr rclï l< lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy jeks Wvrg krm;shka f.a wjOdkh ksr;=rej fï flfrys fhduq úh' rcq úiska uq,.sß úydr uydiSudjla‌ n|jd we;ao< i`.,la‌ yd fifur jd,êhla‌ o ia‌j¾K m%;sudjla‌ iy fjk;a fndfyda jia‌;= o úydria‌:dkh fj; mqolf<ah' óg wu;rj úydrfhys mru,a f.k oeóu, w;=.Eu yd úydr f;ajd lghq;= i|yd mqoa.,hka m;a fldg Tjqkag ta fjkqfjka .ïjr m%¾kh lrk ,È' rc;=udf.a kshuh mßÈ úydrjdiS Nsla‌IQkag jeo.;a ojia‌ ys uydodk oyila‌ fok ,È' fuu úydrfha Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh i|yd o rcq ish odhl;ajh imhd we; ^uydjxYh& 'kuq;a jxYl;d j,g wkqj uq,alsß., úydrh ;kjd we;af;a 1 jk fcÜg;siai rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 266 - 276 & úiska nj lshefjhs' mqoìfuys frdamKh ù we;s fndaëka jykafia fo;siaM, rey fndaëka jYfhka ie<fla' tho úydr ixialD;shlg úfYaIs; h'
we;af;kau fuh úydr ixlS¾Khls' f,ka úydr 7 la od.eí 3 la fndaëka 3 la iy lgdrï fldgk ,o f,ka 11 la yd Ys,d f,aLk fukau me/‚ .,a lKq ffY,uh Tre fY,uh u,iqka fuys we;s fm!rd‚l;ajhg;a wd.ñl wNsudkj;a nj iq/lSug ine¢j wo;a kgnqka fjiska fmkS isáhs'
tla tla uy,a fj; msh keÕSug ;kd we;s ffY,uh msh.eg fm< f,ka l=á u;= lr,ñka me/‚ iïm%odhsl wdlD;sfha iqkaor;ajh u;= lr,ñka idod we;s úydr ueÿre o Wvu¿fõ we;s c, fmdl=K o mqoìfï úis;=re nj Tmj;a lsÍug odhl ù ;sfn;s' fuys f,ka úydr ueÿre myla ;=< T;a ms<sujykafia,d y;a kula ksujd ;sfí'

tfiau úydr ì;= u; we¢ is;=jï fm< uykqjr iïm%odfha reyqKq wdNdIfha l,d lD;Skah' ta w;r f;a,m;a; cd;lh fmryr cjksldj" fnrlrejka f.a is;=jï úfYaI ;ekla .kakd nj l,d úpdrlhkaf.a u;hhs' ta w;r jk fnrhla jhk ldka;drej úfYaI wjOdkhla Èkd .kakd ,o wmQre is;=jula jYfhka y÷kajhs' reyqKg wdfõksl ulr f;drK" fodrgqmd, rEmdÈh o úydr ueÿre úÑ;%j;a lrjhs'
uq,a.sß., mqoìu msysá mßirh b;du;a oel=ïl¨‍h' my; ;eks;,dfõ isg by,g ke. isák m¾j;h óg¾ 100 lg jvd jeäh' tneúkau fuu m¾j;h ;x.,a, wjg uqyqÿ ;Srfhys hd;%dlrkakjqkaf.a fkduo wjOdkhg ksr;=rej md;% úh' ,kafoais kdúlhka úiska fuu m¾j;h ziuk< lkaoz ^Adamzs Peak& hEhs jrojd jgydf.k thg zwevïia‌ n¾.a ^Adamzs Berg& hkqfjka jHjydr lrk ,È' Tjqka fï flfrys fld;rï ;Èka úYajdih ;enqfõo h;a fuu úydrfhys ;sfnk úYd, ie;fmk nqÿrej ˜‍wdoïf.a rej˜‍ f,i i,lk ,È'
fuu úydria‌:dkh ms<sn|j igyka fldg we;s úúO foaYdgk jd¾;d w;r l%s' j' 1732 § fuys meñ‚ c¾uka cd;sl foaYdgl b;sydi{fhl= jQ jq,a*a.x.a yhsâÜ‌ ^Wolfgang Hydt& kue;a;d m%Odk fõ' uq,a.sß., ì;=is;=jï oel jYSlD;j .sh fyf;u ì;=is;=jï ms<sn| jeo.;a jd¾;d igyka fldg úfoaYSh is;a;frl=,jd f;dard.;a is;=jï lsysmhla‌ msgm;a lrjd .kakd ,È'
jd§Nisxyfhl= f,i m%lg lrf;dg O¾udrdu ysñhka fuys úydrdêm;slu orK wjêfha § ,kafoais md,kdêldßh úiska fuu úydria‌:dkh flfrys iqúfYaIS wjOdkhlska lghq;= lrk ,È' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< úydria‌:dkfhys jeä ÈhqKq lsÍï Wfoid Tjqkaf.a fkdu| wdOdr Wmldr ,eì‚' tfyhska fuu iuh ;=< uq,a.sß., úydrh úfYaI fn!oaO uOHia‌:dkhla‌ f,i jvd;a fyd¢ka ia‌:dms; úh'
úúO .%ka:hkaf.ka mßmQ¾K jQ fmd;a.=,la‌ fuu úydria‌:dkh i;= úh' fcda¾- g¾k¾ jeks md<s NdIdj ms<sn| yi< oekqula‌ we;s úh;=kaf.a weiqr Bg fkduoj ,eì‚' tys m%;sM,hla‌ f,i fuys ;snQ md<s uydjxY àld .%ka:fhys msgm;la‌o Tyq úiska ,nd .kakd ,§' óg wu;rj ì%;dkH wêrdcH md,k iuh ;=< úúO ;rd;srfï ks,OdÍka fuu úydria‌:dkfhys iqúfYaISNdjh ms<sn|j igyka ;nd we;' ta w;=ßka wdKa‌vqldrjr frdnÜ‌ n%jqkaß.a ^Robert Brownrig&" ,fvdk,aâ *¾.ika ^Donald Fergusson& fïc¾ f*daíia‌ ^Major Forbes& f;dauia‌ ia‌à,a ^Thomas Steele& jekakka m%uqL;ajhla‌ orhs' flfia jqjo uq,a.sß., úydrh j¾;udkfhys mjd tys jQ iqúfYaISNdjh fya;= fldg f.k woaú;Sh ia‌:dkhl ,d miqfjhs'
wld,fha j,a ìysj ;snQ fuu jákd Wreuhg kej; mqk¾Ôjh m%odkh lf<a 18 jk Y;j¾Ifha jgrkaf.dv Oïumd, ysñhkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhks' fm!rd‚l is;=jï welS uelS .sh neúka kej; tajd m%;sixialrKh lsÍug tjlg isá ola‍I ks¾udK Ys,amshl= jQ fojr.ïm, is,aj;a ;ek iïnkaO lr .;a nj ie<flhs'





ia‌jdNdúlj msysá f,ka ndysßka wdjrKh jk mßÈ ;kd wNHka;rfhka wjYHh mßÈ ì;a;s ne| úydr l=á ilia‌ lrf.k we;' idudkHfhka ì;a;shla‌ fi' ó' 70 muK >klñka hqla‌;h' ì;=is;=jï ks¾udKh ì;a;s yd iS,sï u; isÿfldg we;' úydr f,i f,ka ks¾udKh lsÍfï ld, jljdkq wkqj 01 yd 02 f,fkys n¾u ia‌;r fh§fï fjkila‌ oelsh yelsh' 01 jk f,ka úydr ì;a;sfha m<uq n¾u ia‌;rh r¿ je,s iys; ueá n¾uhls' n¾u ia‌;rfha >klu fi' ó' 02 muK fõ' je,s ueá ñY%K wkqmd;h 2'1ls' kuq;a fuys§ fhd¾ .kakd ,o fojk n¾uh yqKq je,s ñY% >klu ñ' ó' 08 la‌ muK jk ishqï u;=msgla‌ iys; ukdj msß uÈk ,oaols' fuys§ ñ' ó' 01 muK >klue;s j¾Kdf,am lsÍug WÑ; mßÈ yqKq ñY% fkdfldg mDIagh iqug lr .ekSug iqÿ ul=¿ ueá noduhla‌ Ndú;d fldg we;' kuq;a j¾;udkfhys wm yg ola‌kg ,efnkafka fndfydaúg fuu is;=jï ia‌;rh fkdfõ' we;eï ì;a;sj, uq,a is;=jï u; tu is;=jï u kej; m%;sks¾udKh fldg we;' wfkl=;a ì;a;s iy iS,sfï mer‚ is;=jï u; ñ' ó' 02 muK jk ;=kS ueá nodu ia‌;rhla‌ o ta u; ishqï ul=¿ ueá wdf,amhla‌o fhdod uq,a is;=jug jvd fjkia‌ is;=jï yd fudaia‌;r ks¾udKh fldg we;'
iS,sï is;=jï i|yd mdIdK mDIagh iqug lr .ekSug ishqï wxY= f,i wUrd ilid .;a ueá noduh mdIdK mDIagfha jHqyh wkqj >klu ñ' ó' 02 isg 05 w;r fjkia‌ fjñka mj;sk f,i fhd¾ we;' fuys§ msrjqï ldrl f,i mq¿ka fl¢ ñY% lr ;sfí' mDIagh úIu jqj;a nodu ia‌;rh u;=msg iqug jk f,i ilia‌ fldg we;' fuys§ we;eï ia‌:dk j, j¾K ia‌;r folla‌ ola‌kg ,efí' tkï uq,a is;=jï fudaia‌;r fjkia‌ fldg kej; we| we;s w;r fojk ia‌;rh ks¾udKfha § m<uq is;=jï ia‌;rh ;=kS iqÿ meye noduhlska wdjrKh fldg we;'
flfia jqjo fuu is;=jï ks¾udKfha § i;a;aj" ñksia‌ rE" jDla‌I,;d iy .DydNHka;r o¾Yk wdÈh is;a;reka ish wNsu;h mßÈ ksoyia‌ j w;ska isÿ fldg we;s nj fmkS hhs' kuq;a iDcq f¾Lduh ks¾udKhkays § tkï iS,sïj, we| we;s fk¨‍ï u,a yd we;eï u,a fudaia‌;r i|yd cHdñ;sl WmlrK fhdod f.k we;s njla‌ fmfka' iuyr wjia‌:djkays § udkj rEm yd jDla‌I,;d ks¾udK ì;a;s u;g msgm;a fldg ;sfnk njg i,l=Kq rcuyd úydrfha we;eï is;=jï mÍla‌Idfõ § ola‌kg ,efí'




w.kd ì;=is;=jï j,ska msßmqka f,ka 08 lska iqieÈ fuys fmr nqÿjrekaf.a Ôjk pß; uq,a m%;sud.Dy fol jk zrc uyd úydrhz yd zmÿu ry;a úydrhz hk úydrhkag jia‌;= úIh ù we;' cd;l l:d ksrEmKh flfrk o¾Yk j,§ ol=fKa is;a;rekaf.a iqúfYaIS wjOdkh Èkd.;a fndaêi;a;ajhka f.a ffO¾hh yd m%{j b÷rka oukh ms<sn|j mQ¾jdo¾Y imhk zf;a,m;a; cd;lhz fuu f,ka foflysu ksrEmKh fldg we;' fjia‌ika;r cd;lfhka úia‌;r flfrk wkHhka yg Wmldr lsÍfï W;a;u .=Kh oela‌fjk is;=jï j,g wu;rj isú cd;lho iu;ekays ,d bÈßm;a flf¾' óg wu;rj iEu f,ka m%;sud .Dyhlu zjkaokdudkfhys fhfok ry;ka jykafia,dz m%uqLj nqÿ ms<su ola‌jd we;'
flfia jqjo uq,a.sß., wdrla‌Id ù we;s is;=jï iuQyh foi ne,Sfï§ fmkS hkakla‌ kï fïjd 18 jeks ishjfika Tíng fkdhk njhs' rcuyd úydrfha msg; bÈßmi ì;a;sj, we;s f;a,m;a; cd;lfha is;=jï j,ska iy fodrgqfjys is;=jï lr we;s Nෛrj rEmfhkao fuu is;=jï oywg jeks ishjfia w. Nd.hg wh;a nj is;sh yelsh' kuq;a isú cd;lh fukau tu l=áfhysu oajdr rduqfjys we;s is;=jï foi ne,Sfï § fmr i|yka l< is;=jï j,g jvd fjkia‌ ffY,shla‌ wkq.ukh fldg we;s nj fmfkajvd;a uE; Nd.hg ,x jk tu is;=jï 19 jeks ishjfia uq,a ld,hg jvd;a kElï lshhs' f,k wxl 05 ys m%;sud .Dy msúiqï oajdr rduqfjys ,la‌Iaó foõÿj mshqula‌ u; jev ys¢k whqßka is;=jug k.d we;' fuys r;= meye;s miqìu my; rg ffY,shg wkqj ffY,s.; msÉpu,a rgdjkaf.ka w,xldr fldg we;' fomiska úðksm;a ord isák ia‌;%Ska fofokl=f.ka iukaú; mßjdr ia‌;%Ska i;r fokd w÷re meye miqìfuys is;=jï fldg we;' fudjqkf.a w,xldrj;a úÑ;% jia‌;% isú cd;lfha is;=jï j, wdNdIh isyshg kxjhs' msúiqï oajdrh mfilska Ysj Nෛrj rej Nhxldr ú,dYhlska ksrEms;h' mÿu ry;a úydrfha is;=jï fldg we;s f;a,m;a; cd;lh" fjia‌ika;r cd;lh fndfyda úg oykj jeks ishjfia ueo Nd.fha§ ks¾udKh lrkakg we;s nj fmkS hhs' w;S; nqÿjrekaf.a iy ,xldrla‌Il i;r jrï foújrekaf.a rE j,ska iukaú; f,ka wxl 01 ys is;=jï j,skao, fuysu f,ka wxl 06 ys we;s wry;a rE o 20 jeks ishjfia uq,a Nd.hg wh;a ,la‌IK jvd;a m%lg lrjhs' m%;sud .Dy wdrla‌Idfjys fh§ isák foújrekaf.a rE fndfyda úg Ôjudk m%udKhg is;=jï fldg ;sîu fuys§ ola‌kg ,efnk úfYaI ,la‌IKhls' f,k wxl 01 m%;sud .Dyfhys iuka" úNSIK" úIaKq iy l;r.u hk isõjrï foújrekaf.a is;=jï w;r iuka foú÷ka iqÿjka YÍr j¾Kfhka hq;=j iDcqj ke.S isák whqßka ksrEms;h' uykqjr hq.fha foajrEmj,g wdfõ‚l jQ úÑ;% jia‌;%dNrKfhka ieriS isáho ysi me<¢ ulr l=Ka‌v,dldr Tgqkak kj;djhlska hq;=j is;=jï fldg we;' fudyq w; orKqfha tl kgqjlska hq;a frdai u,a lsks;a;ls' fuh hqfrdamSh wdNdIh m%lg lrjkakls' jvd;a ;d;a;aúl;ajhg keUqre jk mßÈ fuh is;=jï fldg we;s nj fmfka' fuys is;=jï fldg we;s úIaKq foú refjyso jia‌;%dNrKhka idïm%odhsl ,la‌IK m%lg l< o fndfyda w,xlrKhka hqfrdamSh wdNdIh ,;a nj fmfka' by,ska we;s wdrela‌l=fjys ;=ka fm;s yevho tys is;=jï fldg we;s wkakdis u,a fudaia‌;rho hqfrdamSh wdNdIh ,;anjg lÈu ksoiqkah' úNSIK" l;r.u foõ rE j< o jia‌;% is;=jï hqfrdamSh keUqrej jvd;a m%lg lrjhs' óg wu;rj f,k wxl 03 ys kd: foúhkaf.a is;=jula‌o fï whqßka ola‌kg ,efí' nqoaO pß;fhys úúO o¾Yk we;=,;a is;=jï f,ka wxl 03 yd 04 ys ola‌kg ,efí' fuu wjia‌:d ksrEmKh fldg we;s ffY,sh wkqj úis fjks ishjig kElï lshhs' ta wkqj nqoaO pß;fhka f;dard.;a m%Odk isoaëkag muKla‌ m%uqL;dj foñka is;=jï fldg we;s nj fmfka'
ffY,sh yd j¾K rgdj
my; rg iïm%odhhg fmdÿ kj wdrl l,d iïm%odhhla‌ uq,a.sß., mer‚;u is;=jï j,ska l< t<s niS' Wvrg l,d iïm%odhfha ms<s.;a iïu;hkaf.ka neyer jQ iqúfYaIS j¾K rgdjla‌ fuys§ wkq.ukh fldg we;s nj fmfka' fuys j¾K rgdj ms<sn|j úuiSfï§ fojk ffY,sfha j¾K rgdjg jvd úúO fukau idfmala‌I jYfhka n,k l< jvd WÑ; o fõ' t<suyka o¾YK i|yd idïm%odhsl r;= meyeh fjkqjg ,d meyehla‌ Ndú;d fldg we;' jDla‌I l|ka l¨‍ meye;sh'

miqìfuys iqÿ meyeh ksid th jvd;a lemS fmfka' jDla‌I,;dÈfhysw;= b;s fn§ .sh whqßka b;du;a ;d;a;aúl f,i ngysr ieris,s fudaia‌;r j,ska Wlyd .;a whqßka kj wdldrhlska bÈßm;a fldg we;' m;% iy u,a jeks fiiq ia‌jdNdúl jia‌;+ka fjkqfjka úúO;ajfhka hq;a ;d;a;aúl j¾K Ndú;d fldg we;' r;= ÿUqre ñY% ly fld< iy ;o ks,a meye;s m;% ffjj¾K w;= b;s wdÈh fï whqßka b;du;a is;a.kakdiq¨‍ whqßka bÈßm;a lr we;s nj fmfka' .DydNHka;r o¾YK i|yd w÷re meyehka we;eï úg ;o ks,a meyeh;a" f.dvke.s,s i|yd ;rula‌ w÷re rkajka ly meyeh;a" tajdfha ieris,s wx. i|yd b;d ;o ks, iy r;;a fhdodf.k ;sfí' mßirh ;=, mqIamhka md fkdjk w;r iqúfYaIS jQ wdik.; rE oela‌ùfï § miqìu ffY,s.; whqßka ksuejqKq msÉpu,a fudaia‌;r j,ska w,xldr lr we;' isú cd;l l:d jia‌;=fõ zisú rc;=ud úiska weia‌ okafok is;=jfuysz isú rcqg miqìfï fujeks wdldrfha ffY,s.; msÉpu,a fudaia‌;r j,ska w,xldrj;a f,i mqrjd ;sfnkq oel .; yelsh' jia‌;% oela‌ùfï§ iqÿ j¾Khg m%uqL;djhla‌ § we;' jia‌;%j, u,a fudaia‌;r i|yd o iudka;rj ola‌jk ,o f¾Ldjka i|yd r;= iy fld< meyeho ;o j¾K ixhq;Skao Wmfhda.S fldg f.k we;' fndfyda úg jia‌;%j, jdáh wßïnqj, .,aìxÿj yd ;%sfldaK jeks pdï fudaia‌;r rgdjkaf.ka w,xldrj;a ù we;' ñksia‌ rE b;d ;d;a;aúl whqßka ukao.dó ia‌jrEmfhka .uka .kakd mßÈ isyskaj Wia‌j ola‌jd ;sfí' ´j,dldr yevfhka hq;= msreKq uqyqKq,weia‌" kdid" f;d,a" kslg,È.eá w;a md, mqka mshhqre, isysks`. yd Wl=¿ hk fï ish,a, ldka;d iqkaor;ajh ms<sn| Í;ska isys.kajhs' f;a,m;a; cd;lfhys zix.S; lKa‌vdhuz ola‌jk is;=jfï§ bßhjq b;d ;d;a;aúl whqßka ksrEms;h' ÿUqre, ly meye Pú j¾Kh iy ,d ÿUqre jeks j¾K ñksia‌ rE is;=jï lsÍfï § fhd¾f.k we;' ndysr f¾Ldj l¨‍ meyefhka ola‌jd we;s w;r ta yd iu`.u ;o ÿUqre meyefhka ;%sudK .;s ,la‌IK u;= fldg fmkaùug is;a;rd jEhï fldg we;' ldka;d k.ak Wvqlh b;d úis;=re wdNrK" m<|kd j,ska w,xldrj;a h' È.= ndyqj, uq;=fmdgj,a yd j<¨‍ lsysmhlska hq;=ndyqm<|kd" ue‚la‌ iy uq;= j,ska hq;a uqÿ iys; j<¨‍" úYd, ìïndldr lvqla‌lka,fldKa‌v lgq,ndyq ola‌jd me;sr we;s fmkavkaÜ‌ iys; f., m<|kd b;d ukrï whqßka ksrEms;h' isú cd;l l:d jia‌;=fõ zrdclSh fmryerz oela‌ùfï§ o is;a;rd f;a,m;a; cd;l l:d jia‌;=fõ ix.S; lKa‌vdhfuka fufyhùula‌ ,nd we;s nj fmfka' m%n, ïjuh m%ldYkhla‌ cks; lrjk fuu isÿùï b;d ;d;a;aúl whqßka ksrEms;h' k<d msôkakka, fnrlrejka b;du;a ;d;a;aúlj fuys§ bÈßm;a flf¾' th tf;la‌ mej;s Wvrg l,d iïm%odhh wNsnjd hduls' flfia jqjo my;rg ffY,sh bÈßhg f.k hdula‌ ms<sìUq lrñka .DydNHka;rh ks;ru ;o l¨‍ fyda ks,a j¾Kfhka hq;=j Ñ;%Kh fldg ;sfnkq oel .; yelsh' jDla‌I, m;%, jdia‌;=úoHd;aul wx. iy ñksia‌ rE j, jia‌;% wdÈfhka ola‌kg ,efnkqfha my;rg iïm%odhhg fmdÿ ,la‌IKh jQ nyq j¾K rgdjka Ndú;hhs'
fojeks ffY,sfha j¾K rgdj w;sYhska úúO o §ma;su;a o fõ' mÿu ry;a úydrfhys f;a,m;a; cd;l fldgfiys kej;;a Wvrg l<d iïm%odhhg wj;S¾K jk ,la‌IK fmkakqï lrhs' wyfiys mdfjk u,a kej;;a lr,shg meñfKhs' fuys§ .;dkq.;sl l%ufha u,a fjkqjg fhdod we;s u,a iys; fld<j,ska ieÈ rgd hqfrdamSh nefrdla‌ ^Baroque& iy frdfldfld ^Rococo& ffY,Ska isys.kajhs' o¾Yk j, miqìu i|yd ;o r;= meyeh ksr;=rej Ndú;d lr we;s w;r jDla‌I l|ka" w;= o iqÿ meyefhka fmkakqï lr we;' jDla‌I,;dÈh oela‌ùfï § ia‌jNdúl;ajhg jeä keUqrejla‌ ola‌jd we; o úúO j¾Kfhka hq;a m;%sldj,ska iu,xlD;h' tfy;a m;% i|yd fld< meyehg wu;rj ks,a fld< meyeho fhdodf.k ;sfí' u,a, M, yd tajd N=la‌;s ú¢k i;a;ajhka mjd iúia‌;rj is;=jï fldg we;' we÷ï iy fjk;a jia‌;% j, u,a fudaia‌;r i|yd fï j¾Kh iu`. b;d ;o fld< meyehla‌ o fhdodf.k we;' f.dvke.s,s ly iy rka meyefhka o, tajdfha w,xlrK wx. r;= iy fld< meyefhkao j¾Kj;a lr we;' ta ;=< fnfyúkau hqfrdamSh ,la‌IK .eí ù we;' f.dvkeÕs,s oela‌ùfï § iy .DyNdKa‌v oela‌ùfï§ oeä hqfrdamSh wdNdihla‌ fmkakqï flf¾' §ma;su;a j¾K Ndú;h fuys§ lemS fmfka' fld< meyeh" ks,a fld< meyeh fuys§ is;a.kakd iq¨‍ whqßka bÈßm;a flf¾' ñksia‌ rEmj,ndysr f¾Ldj §ma;su;a r;= meye;sh' ifï j¾K jYfhka ly" w¿ iy ;o ÿUqre jeks j¾Khka fhdod.kq ,nk w;r m%N+ka yd foújreka i|yd rkajka ly meyeh ksr;=rej fhdodf.k we;' jia‌;% j, miq;,h i|yd iïu; lrf.k we;af;a iqÿ meyehhs' tfy;a fudaia‌;r j, tk r;=" ly iy ks,a j¾K ksid iqÿ meyehg úÑ;%;ajhla‌ tla‌ fldg we;' ldka;djka fndfyda úg k.ak Wvqlh idglhlska jid .;a whqßka ksrEms;h' idgl yd YS¾IdjrK jeks we÷ï fldgia‌ i|yd;a fï wdldrfhau we÷ï yd jia‌;% úúOdldr jQ ieris,s fudaia‌;r j,ska mqrjd we;' kd kd úO yevfhka yd j¾Kfhka hq;a ia‌jdNdúl wkaofï u,a fï fudaia‌;r j, ola‌kg ,efí' oykj jeks ishjfia uq,aNd.fha iy ueo Nd.fha is;=jï l,dfõ jia‌;%j, jdáh i|yd fhÿKq b;du;a úis;=re jQ ;%sfldaK yd ,shje,a fudaia‌;r rgdjkaf.ka w,xldrj;a ù we;' u,a rgd iys; cgd f,akaiq wdÈh úúO jQ fudaia‌;r rgdjkaf.ka hqla‌;j uknkaokSh whqßka bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' úis;=re jia‌;% ieris,s yd ii|k úg wdNrK, m<|kd wdÈh b;d pdï uÜ‌gul mj;S' wdNrK w;r uq;= fmdgla‌ fyda fmdgj,a lsysmhla‌ b;d ukrï whqßka ksrEms;h' ìïndldr lvqla‌lka l=Ka‌v,dNrK jYfhka ola‌kg ,efí' .%SjdNrK f,i uq;= fmdgla‌ muKla‌ fndfyda úg ola‌kg ,efí'
úisjk ishjfia ueo Nd.hg wh;a is;=jï ys fnfyúka ixlS¾K j¾Kdj,shla‌ ola‌kg ,efí' j¾I 1944 wdikakfha § ksu lrkq ,enQ fuu is;=jï jvd;a hqfrdamSh kj wdrl is;=jï ffY,shla‌ flfrys .uka fldg we;s nj fmfkarkajka meyeh nyq, f,i fhdod .ekSu ;=,ska iqrx.kd wdrla‌ .;a f,i Èia‌fõ' oaùudk ia‌jrEmh .;a is;=jï iïm%odhh fjkqjg jvd;a ;d;a;aúl N+ñ o¾Yk" ñksia‌ rEm ;d;a;aúl whqßka bÈßm;a lsÍu" w÷r t<sh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;aùu yryd ;%sudK .;s ,la‌IK u;= lsÍu ;=<ska m¾hdjf,dalkh flfrys iqúfYaIS jQ ie,ls,a,la‌ Ys,amshd ola‌jd we;s nj fmfka' fuf;la‌ mej;s zÑ;%dj,Sz l%uh wNdjhg f.dia‌ ta fjkqjg f;dard.;a m%Odk isÿùï nqoaO pß;h& muKla‌ bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' ta w;=ßka nqÿkaf.a wdodykh iy i¾j{ Od;= fn§u hk is;=jï foi ne,Sfï § ;%sudK ia‌jrEmfhka bÈßm;a fldg we;s w;r tï' id¾,sia‌ f.a is;=jï l,dj isys.kajhs'

flfia jqjo uq,a.sß., rc uyd úydrfha we;s is;=jï ms<sn|j úuiSfï§ rc uyd úydrfha f;a,m;a; cd;l l:d jia‌;=fõ miqìu i|yd uDÿ j¾K Ndú;h my; rg wka ;efkl ola‌kg fkd,efnk ,la‌IKhls' th uq,a.sß., is;a;rekaf.a wkkH;djh úoyd ola‌jhs' tfy;a fudjqkaf.a fuu ;d;a;aúl;ajhg keUqre jQ is;=jï rgdj miq ld,fha§ wkHhkaf.a is;a.;a njla‌ fkdfmfka' mer‚ Wvrg iïm%odhh úiska tf;la‌ Wreu fldg § ;snQ mdrïmßl iïu;hkaf.ka neyer ùug miqld,Sk is;a;rekag fkdyels jQfha Tjqka oeäj tu u;su;dka;r j, t,an isá neúks' fuys§ úúO;ajhg jvd;a keUqre jQ j¾K rgdjla‌ wkq.ukh l< o my; rg is;=jï l,dj ola‌kg ,efnk wkHh ia‌:dkj, we;s is;=jïj,g jvd uDÿ .=Kfhka hq;a is;=jï l,djla‌ uq,a.sß., is;=jï ;=<ska m%lg lrjhs' oykj jeks ishjfia my; rg ffY,sh ola‌kg ,efnk j<,af.dv" le,‚h" fldaÜ‌fÜ rc uyd úydrh yd lr.ïmsáfha iqfndaOdrduh wd§ úydria‌:dkj, ola‌kg ,efnk mqoa., rEm ffY,shg kElï lshQjo uq,a.sß., mqoa., rE tajdgu wdfõ‚l jia‌;% ieris,s fudaia‌;r w;ska iqúfYaISNdjhla‌ .kS' uq,a.sß., miqld,Sk f;a,m;a;, fjia‌ika;r cd;l l:djkag wkq.; jk is;=jï ffY,sh yd ieris,sj, ,la‌IKh j<,af.dv, l;¿j iy wïn,kaf.dv iqkkaodrdufhys o ola‌kg ,efí'
,xldfõ is;=jï l,dfõ úis jeks ishjfia we;s jQ ,la‌IKhla‌ jk ;d;a;aúl m%jK;dj ij-{ Od;= fn§u yd nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a wd¾ykh ms<sn|j nqoaO pß;h mdol fldg.;a is;=jïj, ola‌kg ,efí' m¾hdjf,dalkh flfrys ie,ls,a,la‌ ola‌jd ;sîu hqfrdamSh wdNdih ,o njg ksoiqkls' .Dyks¾udK Ys,amfhys yd we÷ï me<÷ïj, o ola‌kg ,efnkqfha hqfrdamSh yd foaYSh ffY,Skays ñY%Khls' fuh tl, fï rfÜ ienúka mej;s ;;a;ajhg iudk fjhs' oykj jeks ishjfia wjidk ld,fha§ yd úis jeks ishjfia uq,a ld,fha ,xldfõ mej;s mßirhg iudk mßirhl isoaëka ksrEmKh lr we;s kuq;a rkajka meyeh nyq,j fhd¾ .ekSu ;=<ska iqrx.kd l:dj, tk wkaofï woaN+; yd iqkaor ,la‌IK o we;eï úg ola‌kg ,efí' fuys§ ola‌kg ,efnk ,shje,a fudaia‌;r ms<sn|j úuiSfï§ idïm%¾hsl wdldrhlska bÈßm;a l< o f¾Ld l¾u iy j¾K rgdjka fhd¾ f.k we;s wdldrh hqfrdamSh n,mEu jvd;a m%lg lrjhs' iqÿ meyefhka hq;a idïm%¾hsl ziSku,z is;=jï fldg we;af;a r;= meyefhks' óg wu;rj ,shje,a j, oelsh yels ly iy ÿUqre meyefhka hq;a fndl=gq .eiqKq úYd, m;%sld, hqfrdamSh l,d iïm%¾hfha oeä n,mEula‌ fmkakqï lrhs'





uq,a.sß., ì;=is;=jï ixrla‌IK lghq;= 1972 § b;d,s cd;sl ¨‍ishdfkda urdkais ^Luciano Maranzi& úiska isÿlrkq ,en we;' wk;=rej úúO wjia‌:djkays § mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska fuys ixrla‌IK lghq;= lrk ,o w;r 2007 isg 2009 j¾Ih ola‌jd uOHu ixia‌lD;sl wruqo, úiska fuys ixrla‌IK lghq;= isÿ lsÍug fhÿ‚' fuys§ nodu ia‌;r fnd,aùu" j¾K ia‌;r fm;s .e,ùu" wd.ka;=l øjH ;ekam;aùu" fõhkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh" ñksia‌ l%shdldrlï ksid úkdY jQ is;=jï ixrla‌IK lghq;= isÿ lsÍu iy mer‚ ffp;Hfha uykqjr hq.hg wh;a is;=jï flfrys uOHu ixia‌lD;sl wruqof,a ì;=is;=jï ixrla‌IK lKa‌vdhu ish wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§' tys m%;sM,hla‌ f,i Wvrg is;=jï l,dj my;rg uq,a.sß., ola‌jd jHdma; jQ wdldrh ms<sn|j jeo.;a idOl /ila‌ fuys§ u;=fldg .ekSug yelsú‚' ksoka fidreka úiska ta jk úg o úkdY fldg ;snQ mÿu ry;a úydrh we;=<; mer‚ ffp;Hfha ixrla‌IK lghq;= j,§ uykqjr hq.fha mer‚;u j¾K ia‌;rh u;=lr .kakd ,§' fuys iqÿ ul=¿ ueá wdf,amh u; idÈ,sx.ï j,ska m,dfm;s" .,a ìxÿj" wßïnqj" fnda fm;s" ,shje,a yd fk¿ï u,a fudaia‌;r j,ska w,xldr fldg we;' wfkla‌ lreK jkqfha is;=jïlrKfha § b;d ishqï whqßka f;,s l+r Ndú;d fldg we;s wdldrh wkqj tu is;=jï fo.,af¾rej is;=jï ys f¾Ldl¾u iy j¾K Ndú;hg we;s iudk;ajhhs' fojr.ïfmd< is,aj;a ;ek lkao Wvrg isg lgqjkg meñK lgqjk is,aj;a ;ek iu. tla‌j uq,a.sß., úydrfha is;=jï l< njg we;s u;h ñka jvd;a ikd: fõ' óg wu;rj is;=jï ixrla‌IKfha§ u;=lr .;a uydkd. f,ka úydrfha ie;fmk ms<sufha mdoh wi, mer‚ is;=jï ia‌;rfha j<dl=¿ u; jev isák foaj uKa‌v,hla‌ iys; is;=jï fmdf<dkakrej ;sjxl ms<suf.a is;=jï isyshg kxjhs' fuys miqìu l¿ meye;sh' ysia‌ wjldYh msrùu i|yd .;dkq.;sl fk¿ï fhdod ;sfnkq oel .; yelsh'
reyqfKka meK ke.=Kq cd;sl fn!oaO Wreufha idvïnrh fï hehs lshdmdñka wo;a fkdie,S mj;sk uq,a.sß., iuia; cd;sl Wreufha ;j;a wNsudkj;a iaudrlhls'